This section includes various pollution prevention techniques and specific ideas or opportunities that technical assistance providers can use in conjunction with security analysis and action plans.

Physical Site Security Measures

Although many of the opportunities for physical site security are not directly considered pollution prevention, they will alleviate the potential severity or even the occurrence of an attack. Some tactics that could be employed by terrorists are likely to be unaffected by certain basic mitigation measures, such as redundant safety valves. Nonetheless, the importance of physical security must not be overlooked. A few opportunities include:

• Prevent access or intrusion to plants, materials, wastes, vehicles and equipment. Of special note are: mechanical equipment, HVAC and equipment controls, roofs, lobbies, mailrooms, storage, docks, building operations and information systems, water lines, air intake points, ventilation ducts, agricultural and food products, and aerial pesticide applicators;
• Prevent access to critical exterior equipment, such as valves, water lines, exterior air intakes, utility shutoffs, incoming or outgoing water lines, other pipelines or tanks (e.g., where releases or addition of agents that can react violently with the stored material can occur);
• Conduct background checks on new employees, delivery drivers, contractors, or others with access to important information, equipment or secure areas of the site;
• Supervise delivery areas and/or block access to delivery areas during closed hours;
• Ensure that all hazardous materials and waste coming into and out of the facility are accompanied by shipping papers and driver photo identification;
• Implement daily security checks;
• Implement and enforce a visitor escort policy that includes delivery personnel;
• Install 24-hour recording, perimeter cameras in key areas such as loading docks and entrances; and
• Instruct employees in procedures to deal with emergencies, intruders, workplace violence and other suspicious activities. http://www.osha.gov/workplace_violence/wrkplaceViolence.PartI.html

Pollution Prevention Opportunities for Facilities (Beyond Physical Protection)

Pollution prevention offers numerous opportunities to reduce risk and severity of an attack, and in a few instances, help reduce vulnerability associated with dependence on critical natural resources. Many of the specific P2 opportunities listed below overlap from one P2 category to another, but are listed only once in the best fit P2 category heading.

Reduce Environmental Impacts of Added Security Measures

• If increasing lighting or lighted signage, use energy-efficient lighting, light-emitting diodes (LED), daylighting, solar cells, and other energy efficient measures.
• Impose no-idling policies at automotive security checkpoints such as airports, international borders, etc.

Pollution Prevention in Policy and Legislation and Information

• Streamline compliance documents and plans by integrating P2 and security requirements into one or a few written plans. An example of an integrated document for the printing industry is available at http://www.pneac.org/sheets/all/printersoneplan.cfm.
• Propose or show support for security policy that is oriented toward prevention or risk reduction, such as Senator Corzine's (D-NJ) proposed bill S.157, "Chemical Security Act of 2003." Another example is testimony to the federal government by Raymond Decker, Director of Defense Capabilities and Management, titled "Key Elements of a Risk Management Approach." Decker states that federal, state and local government as well as private entities, should adopt three key elements of risk management to enhance preparedness against potential threats. (Source: GAO report GAO-02-150T).
• Incorporate pollution prevention requirements into organizational security policies.
• Information is a double-edged sword: it can improve understanding of security risks and preparedness, and spur changes to reduce impacts in the event of an attack. On the other hand, public access to detailed chemical and industrial process information could be used against the public to plan attacks. With Community-Right-To-Know reporting laws, publicly available information provides easy access to key information about types of chemicals, volumes, and where they are stored. One way to minimize the risk is to review the chemicals that must be reported under these regulations and attempt to eliminate the need to report to EPA by selecting alternative, less hazardous chemicals or by limiting the amount used and stored at a particular facility.

Citizen and Domestic Preparedness

Security is also extremely important in homes, neighborhoods, places of worship, workplaces and public places. Aside from a few of the aforementioned P2 opportunities, preparedness is extremely important. The American Red Cross has excellent preparedness and emergency response guidelines for individuals, families, neighborhoods, schools and businesses at http://www.redcross.org/article/0,1072,0_1_1418,00.html